World of Science

World of Science

The most precise solar calendar, superior to the Julian, is the Jilali, devised under the supervision of Umar Khayyam. 
The Quran contains many references to astronomy: "And it is He who created the night and the day and the sun and the moon; all [heavenly bodies] in an orbit are swimming." [Noble Quran 21:33] 
These references, and the injunctions to learn, inspired the early Muslim scholars to study the heavens. They integrated the earlier works of the Indians, Persians and Greeks into a new synthesis. 
Ptolemy's Almagest (the title as we know it today is actually Arabic) was translated, studied and criticized. Many new stars were discovered, as we see in their Arabic names - Algol, Deneb, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Aldebaran. Astronomical tables were compiled, among them the Toledan tables, which were used by Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Kepler. 
Also compiled were almanacs - another Arabic term. Other terms from Arabic are zenith, nadir, Aledo, azimuth.
Muslim astronomers were the first to establish observatories, like the one built at Mugharah by Hulagu, the son of Genghis Khan, in Persia, and they invented instruments such as the quadrant and astrolabe, which led to advances not only in astronomy but in oceanic navigation, contributing to the European age of exploration.

Geography
Muslim scholars paid great attention to geography. In fact, the Muslims' great concern for geography originated with their religion. 
The Quran encourages people to travel throughout the earth to see God's signs and patterns everywhere. Islam also requires each Muslim to have at least enough knowledge of geography to know the direction of the Qiblah (the position of the Ka'bah in Makkah) in order to pray five times a day. 
Muslims were also used to taking long journeys to conduct trade as well as to make the Hajj and spread their religion. The far-flung Islamic empire enabled scholar-explorers to compile large amounts of geographical and climatic information from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Among the most famous names in the field of geography, even in the West, are Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Batuta, renowned for their written accounts of their extensive explorations.
In 1166, Al-Idrisi, the well-known Muslim scholar who served the Sicilian court, produced very accurate maps, including a world map with all the continents and their mountains, rivers and famous cities. Al-Muqdishi was the first geographer to produce accurate maps in color.
Spain was ruled by Muslims under the banner of Islam for over 700 years. By the 15th century of the Gregorian calendar the ruler-ship of Islam had been seated in Spain and Muslims had established centers of learning which commanded respect all over the known world at that time. There were no "Dark Ages" such the rest of Europe experienced for the Muslims in Spain and those who lived there with them. In January of 1492 Muslim Spain capitulated to Catholic Rome under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. By July of the same year, Muslims were instrumental in helping navigate Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean South of Florida.
It was, moreover, with the help of Muslim navigators and their inventions that Magellan was able to traverse the Cape of Good Hope, and Da Gamma and Columbus had Muslim navigators on board their ships.

Humanity
Seeking knowledge is obligatory in Islam for every Muslim, man and woman. The main sources of Islam, the Quran and the Sunnah (Prophet Muhammad's traditions), encourage Muslims to seek knowledge and be scholars, since this is the best way for people to know Allah (God), to appreciate His wondrous creations and be thankful for them. 
Muslims have always been eager to seek knowledge, both religious and secular, and within a few years of Muhammad's mission, a great civilization sprang up and flourished. The outcome is shown in the spread of Islamic universities; Al-Zaytunah in Tunis, and Al-Azhar in Cairo go back more than 1,000 years and are the oldest existing universities in the world. Indeed, they were the models for the first European universities, such as Bologna, Heidelberg, and the Sorbonne. Even the familiar academic cap and gown originated at Al-Azhar University.
Muslims made great advances in many different fields, such as geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, pharmacology, architecture, linguistics and astronomy. Algebra and the Arabic numerals were introduced to the world by Muslim scholars. The astrolabe, the quadrant, and other navigational devices and maps were developed by Muslim scholars and played an important role in world progress, most notably in Europe's age of exploration.
Muslim scholars studied the ancient civilizations from Greece and Rome to China and India. The works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid and others were translated into Arabic. Muslim scholars and scientists then added their own creative ideas, discoveries and inventions, and finally transmitted this new knowledge to Europe, leading directly to the Renaissance. Many scientific and medical treatises, having been translated into Latin, were standard text and reference books as late as the 17th and 18th centuries.

Mathematics
Muslim mathematicians excelled in geometry, as can be seen in their graphic arts, and it was the great Al-Biruni (who excelled also in the fields of natural history, even geology and mineralogy) who established trigonometry as a distinct branch of mathematics. Other Muslim mathematicians made significant progress in number theory.
It is interesting to note that Islam so strongly urges mankind to study and explore the universe. For example, the Noble Quran states:
"We (Allah) will show you (mankind) Our signs/patterns in the horizons/universe and in yourselves until you are convinced that the revelation is the truth."

This invitation to explore and search made Muslims interested in astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, and the other sciences, and they had a very clear and firm understanding of the correspondences among geometry, mathematics, and astronomy.
The Muslims invented the symbol for zero (The word "cipher" comes from Arabic sifr), and they organized the numbers into the decimal system - base 10. Additionally, they invented the symbol to express an unknown quantity, i.e. variables like x.
The first great Muslim mathematician, Al-Khawarizmi, invented the subject of algebra (al-Jabr), which was further developed by others, most notably Umar Khayyam. Al-Khawarizmi's work, in Latin translation, brought the Arabic numerals along with the mathematics to Europe, through Spain. The word "algorithm" is derived from his name.

Medicine
In Islam, the human body is a source of appreciation, as it is created by Almighty Allah (God). How it functions, how to keep it clean and safe, how to prevent diseases from attacking it or cure those diseases, have been important issues for Muslims.
Ibn Sina (d. 1037), better known to the West as Avicenna, was perhaps the greatest physician until the modern era. His famous book, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, remained a standard textbook even in Europe, for over 700 years. Ibn Sina's work is still studied and built upon in the East.
Prophet Muhammad himself urged people to "take medicines for your diseases", as people at that time were reluctant to do so. He also said,

"God created no illness, except that He has established for it a cure, except for old age. When the antidote is applied, the patient will recover with the permission of God."

Since the religion did not forbid it, Muslim scholars used human cadavers to study anatomy and physiology and to help their students understand how the body functions. This empirical study enabled surgery to develop very quickly.
Al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, the famous physician and scientist, (d. 932) was one of the greatest physicians in the world in the Middle Ages. He stressed empirical observation and clinical medicine and was unrivalled as a diagnostician. He also wrote a treatise on hygiene in hospitals. Abul-Qasim Az-Zahrawi was a very famous surgeon in the eleventh century, known in Europe for his work, Concession (Kitab al-Tasrif).
Other significant contributions were made in pharmacology, such as Ibn Sina's Kitab al-Shifa' (Book of Healing), and in public health. Every major city in the Islamic world had a number of excellent hospitals, some of them teaching hospitals, and many of them were specialized for particular diseases, including mental and emotional. The Ottomans were particularly noted for their building of hospitals and for the high level of hygiene practiced in them.
Ask anyone the question: "Do you believe in God?" and you are sure to receive a variety of answers. The question should be "What do you believe about God?"
Think about this:
 If there is a creation, there must be a Creator.
 If there is a Creator, He must be the Sustainer.
 The Creator Cannot Create Himself.
 If He is the sole Creator/Sustainer -- He must be ONE.
God must be one. Otherwise we would see great differences and competition between the gods if there were more than one -- Alone.
Do we agree that this is a creation? Or do we accept that nothing came out of nothing to form this entire universe?
This is a very clear message from Allah, in the Quran. Something does not come out of nothing. So, there must be something in existence already which created all that we know to exist. And that "something" needs to be called upon in times of need and thanksgiving.
As Allah has said in His Book: "I only created you all to worship Me Alone."
He also says that we are all being tested by Him with regard to our wealth, families, children and social status.

Google Page Rank

I keep seeing the same question posted over and over, “Is Google PageRank Dead?” My thoughts are yes and no. Yes, it’s dead to those outside of Google. No, it’s not dead to Googlers (people who work at Google). In other words, I still think Google uses PageRank as a part of their organic ranking algorithm. I just don’t think they will push PageRank out to the public anymore.I did a little research and came up with 10 signs, from which we can safely assume Google PageRank is dead to non-Googlers. While researching this topic, one thing I noticed killing off Google PageRank for non-Googlers has been in the works for a while. For years Google has been throwing us hints, and slowly removing PageRank data from our grasps, until one day it was gone.

1. PageRank data removed from Webmaster Tools.

In 2009, Google removed PageRank data from Webmaster tools.  I know this happened nearly 5 years ago, but now we know it was a sign of what was yet to come. Maybe this will help us predict Google’s future a little better. After all, the best way to predict the future is to know the past. This was their explanation as to why they removed PageRank from Webmaster Tools:

We’ve been telling people for a long time that they shouldn’t focus on PageRank so much; many site owners seem to think it’s the most important metric for them to track, which is simply not true. We removed it because we felt it was silly to tell people not to think about it, but then to show them the data, implying that they should look at it.

Susan Moskwa, Googler 

2. Less updates over time.

Checkout this graph I whipped up. It shows the number of times Google updated PageRank for non-Googlers, since 2006. As you can see, Google has consistently released fewer PageRank updates over time.

3. PageRank never was added to Chrome.

Thinking back, Google never did add a PageRank to their own browser, Chrome. In fact, the only way to see PageRank on Chrome is if you install an extension by a 3rd party developer. If it had a future you’d think they’d promote Google PageRank on their own browser. But they never have.

4. Matt Cutts says he’d be surprised if PageRank was updated again.

On October 6, 2013 Niels Bosch tweeted a question to Matt Cutts, Head of Search Spam, asking if we should expect a PageRank update before 2014. Matt Cutts responded by saying, “I would be surprised if that happened.”Previous to Matt Cutts’ response Google only updated PageRank once that year, on February 4, 2013.

5. PageRank was not updated for 10 straight months.

In 2013, Google didn’t update PageRank for 10 straight months. With respect to previous years, that was a pretty long drought. As I stated earlier, PageRank was updated on February 4th, and it was not updated again until December 6, 2013. Historically Google has updated PageRank three to four times per year. A 10 month delay was a sure sign that something was changing.

6. Matt Cutts says the PageRank “pipeline” is broke, and Google isn’t interested in fixing it.

On October 23, 2013, at Pubcon Matt Cutts stated that the PageRank “pipeline” is broke, and Google isn’t interested in fixing it. The pipeline is what Google used to send updated PageRank data to toolbars,for non-Googlers to see. Even though Google may update PageRank internally everyday, it only pushed data updates to non-Googlers, via toolbars, three to four times per year.

7. Matt Cutts says PageRank data is only updated to help searchers.

Matt Cutts, once said, “the reason why they (Google) still have it (PageRank) is not because SEOs use it but rather because searchers and users still use it to determine how “reputable” a website is.”Strong words. He sounds a bit reluctant to still address Google PageRank. It also sounds like he wished they would have stopped updating Google PageRank data much  sooner.

8. Googler John Mueller says Google will never update PageRank again on 1/22/14.

I wouldn’t use PageRank or links as a metric. We’ve last updated PageRank more than a year ago (as far as I recall) and have no plans to do further updates. Think about what you want users to do on your site, and consider an appropriate metric for that.

John Mueller, Googler

Well, John hasn’t been fired yet, so…

9. PageRank has not been updated in 14 months (as of 1/28/15).

As we just stated, PageRank is normally updated a few times per year. However, the last update was well over a year ago, on December 6, 2013. This gives a strong indication that updates have stopped.

10. PageRank became leverage for spammers, and Google knows it.

If you’re an SEO pro you’ll understand this. How many times were you contacted by people offering PR4, PR5, or PR6 links? I got it every day. That was a spammer’s angle. Spammers sold links from web pages with high PR. The higher the PageRank, the more expensive.I once had a colleague ask if we should entertain buying links from this company who had a great deal on PR5, PR7, blah, blah, blah links. Before I turned this horrible idea down we looked at the pages the spammer promised us links from. I was initially impressed with the high PageRanks. Then I searched the URLs in Google. Nothing Found! Those pages, with high PageRanks, were banned from Google, and still had awesome PageRank. WTF?This exact problem was discussed in the video above, and that’s when Mueller’s now famous words, reassured us that we should not worry about PageRank anymore, and that Google would likely never update PageRank again. If PageRank was important, you’d think they would have solved this tiny and trivial task. Give banned pages a PR of 0. I’m not a developer but it seems simple enough.Google created monsters when they created PageRank. They didn’t mean too, it just happened. Selling links with high PageRank became a cornerstone of link spam. In fact, Matt Cutts, Head of Google Spam, is tasked with mitigating spam on Google as much as possible. Half of his department was probably dedicated to the spammy repercussions of PageRank. Therefore, it was only natural that he lead this charge.

Conclusion

Google PageRank is not dead to Googlers, but it is dead to us.  In all, I’m glad. Less spammy emails, fewer cheaters, and less confusion from the name “PageRank”. Fellow SEO professionals know what I mean by “confusion”. We have to constantly explain to clients the difference between PageRank, and your page’s ranking in search engines. It just got annoying. But it is ironic. Larry’s last name is “Page”, hence the term “PageRank”. I really hope you knew that.If you still need some sense of how well you are doing in search engines, get your OMS Score from OptimizeMySite. Your score will tell you how optimized your pages are for search engines.

Drive Traffic

Google+ is the promptly setting up social media site. It’s a quality location to hyperlink with folks some distance and extensive, construct relationships, and motive to move viewers to your internet site. To kick you off, Following are 5 suggesting

1. Make an Extensive Profile

in case your internet site possibly identified as a organization, then create a Google+ web page for it. If no longer, use your Google+ profile to hyperlink with your web page viewers. The key step is to make an huge profile that totally describes who you’re, what skill you take to the desk, the way to find your website, what your site is set, and what makes it a lot first-rate.

2. Connect with individuals people

when you've got made your Google+ profile, you must start conversation with other participants of Google+. Appear for participants you recognize already. Later on look through the contributors they follow to find extra fascinating individuals to subscribe.

3. Create Circles

subsequent step you have to do is to create circle to itemize your Google+ hyperlinks after which put contributors into proper circles. For instance, create circles for your site viewers, your bold put up resources, people who affect your target viewers, folks who can assist you advertise your website or promote web publication, and vice versa

4. Ship designated Messages

As you submit new matters to Google+, you could select which circles to share those improvements with so the correct viewers gain the right messages. That is an extraordinary gimmick that makes definite contributors don’t get the updates you don’t need them to look.

5. Submit concentration-grabbing content

As you submit links to your website online articles time and again. That's unexciting and will probably be noticeable as needless self-advertising. Your Google+ cascade of updates will have to be fascinating and profound to your viewers, now not junk mail. For this reason, post and share attention-grabbing hyperlinks and updates that goal your viewers will to find worth in and admire seeing.ons to aid you raise website site visitors with Google+ right now!.

Loans

In fund, a credit is an obligation gave by one element (association or individual) to an alternate substance at an investment rate, and confirm by a note which determines, not to mention a variety of other things, the important sum, premium rate, and date of reimbursement. A credit involves the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a time of time, between the bank and the borrower. 
In an advance, the borrower at first gets or obtains a measure of cash, called the vital, from the bank, and is committed to pay back or reimburse an equivalent measure of cash to the loan specialist at a later time.The advance is for the most part given at an expense, alluded to as enthusiasm on the obligation, which gives an impetus to the bank to participate in the credit. In a lawful credit, each of these commitments and confinements is authorized by contract, which can likewise put the borrower under extra limitations known as advance pledges. In spite of the fact that this article concentrates on financial advances, by and by any material item may be loaned. 
Going about as a supplier of advances is one of the important errands for money related foundations. For different foundations, issuing of obligation contracts, for example, securities is a normal wellspring of financing. 

Types of loans

Secured 
A secured advance is a credit in which the borrower vows some advantage (e.g. an auto or property) as guarantee. 
A home loan advance is an extremely regular sort of obligation instrument, utilized by numerous people to buy lodging. In this plan, the cash is utilized to buy the property. The money related establishment, in any case, is given security — a lien on the title to the house — until the home loan is forked over the required funds. On the off chance that the borrower defaults on the credit, the bank would have the legitimate right to repossess the house and offer it, to recuperate aggregates owing to it. In a few examples, an advance taken out to buy another or utilized auto may be secured by the auto, similarly as a home loan is secured by lodging. The length of time of the advance period is impressively shorter — regularly comparing to the valuable existence of the auto. There are two sorts of car credits, immediate and aberrant. A direct automobile advance is the place a bank gives the credit straightforwardly to a buyer. A circuitous car advance is the place an auto dealership goes about as a middle person between the bank or money related establishment and the shopper.
Unsecured 
Unsecured credits are fiscal advances that are not secured against the borrower's benefits. These may be accessible from monetary foundations under various pretenses or promoting bundles: 
Visa obligation 
individual credits 
bank overdrafts 
credit offices or lines of credit 
corporate securities (may be secured or unsecured) 
distributed giving 
The investment rates pertinent to these diverse structures may change relying upon the bank and the borrower. These might possibly be controlled by law. In the United Kingdom, when connected to people, these may go under the Consumer Credit Act 1974. 

Investment rates on unsecured credits are almost constantly higher than for secured advances, in light of the fact that an unsecured loan specialist's choices for plan of action against the borrower in the occasion of default are extremely constrained. An unsecured loan specialist must sue the borrower, get a cash judgment for break of agreement, and afterward seek after execution of the judgment against the borrower's unrestricted resources (that is, the ones not officially swore to secured moneylenders). In bankruptcy transactions, secured loan specialists generally have need over unsecured moneylenders when a court partitions up the borrower's advantages. Accordingly, a higher investment rate mirrors the extra hazard that in the occasion of indebtedness, the obligation may be uncollectible. Installment terms are typically expressed on the receipt. These may tag that the purchaser has a most extreme number of weeks in which to pay, and is in some cases offered a glass of wine if paid before the offer by date. The purchaser could have effectively paid for some perishables or administrations recorded on the Stock Exchange. In the rental business, a receipt must incorporate a particular reference to the length of time of the time being charged, so notwithstanding amount, value and markdown the invoicing sum is additionally taking into account span. By and large each one line of a rental receipt will allude to the genuine hours, days, weeks, months, and so forth., being charged. From the perspective of a merchant, a receipt is a business receipt. From the perspective of a purchaser, a receipt is a buy receipt. The receipt showcases the purchaser and merchant, yet the term receipt shows cash is owed or owing.
Demand
Interest advances are transient credits [1] that are atypical in that they don't have altered dates for reimbursement and convey a coasting investment rate which differs as per the prime loaning rate. They can be "called" for reimbursement by the loaning organization whenever. Interest credits may be unsecured or secured. 
Subsidized
A sponsored advance is a credit on which the investment is diminished by an express or shrouded endowment. In the connection of school advances in the [United States], it alludes to an advance on which no investment is accumulated while an understudy stays selected in education.[2] 
Concessional 
A concessional credit, at times called a "delicate advance," is allowed on terms significantly a greater number of liberal than business sector advances either through underneath business investment rates, by effortlessness periods or a blend of both.[3] Such credits may be made by outside governments to creating nations or may be offered to workers of loaning establishments as a worker advantage. 
Personal 
Advances can likewise be subcategorized by the debt holder is an unique individual (purchaser) or a business. Normal individual advances incorporate home loan credits, auto advances, home value lines of credit, Mastercards, portion credits and payday credits. The FICO rating of the borrower is a significant segment in and guaranteeing and investment rates (APR) of these credits. The regularly scheduled installments of individual credits can be diminished by selecting longer installment terms, however general investment paid increments too. For auto advances in the U.S., the normal term was around 60 months in 2009.[citation needed] 
Business 
Advances to organizations are like the above, additionally incorporate business home loans and corporate securities. Guaranteeing is not based upon FICO assessment yet rather credit score. 
Advance installment 
The most run of the mill advance installment sort is the completely amortizing installment in which every month to month rate has the same esteem over time.[4] 
The altered regularly scheduled installment P for an advance of L for n months and a month to month investment rate c is: 
P = L \cdot \frac{c\,(1 + c)^n}{(1 + c)^n - 1} 
For more data see "Month to month advance or home loan installments" under Compound Interest 
Misuses in loaning 
Savage loaning is one type of misuse in the giving of advances. It normally includes conceding a credit to put the borrower in a position that one can pick up preference over him or her. Where the moneylender is not approved, they could be viewed as an advance shark. 
Usury is on alternate type of misuse, where the loan specialist charges inordinate investment. In distinctive time periods and societies the worthy investment rate has differed, from no enthusiasm at all to boundless premium rates. Mastercard organizations in a few nations have been blamed by buyer associations for loaning at usurious premium rates and profiting out of silly "additional charges".[5] 
Ill-uses can likewise happen as the client misusing the moneylender by not reimbursing the credit or with a purpose to cheat the loan specialist. 
United States charges 
The vast majority of the essential standards representing how credits are taken care of for assessment purposes in the United States are arranged by both Congress (the Internal Revenue Code) and the Treasury Department (Treasury Regulations — an alternate set of tenets that translate the Internal Revenue Code).[6] 
1. An advance is not horrible wage to the borrower.[6] Since the borrower has the commitment to reimburse the credit, the borrower has no promotion to wealth.[6][7] 
2. The loan specialist may not deduct (from own horrible wage) the measure of the loan.[8] The method of reasoning here is that one advantage (the money) has been changed over into an alternate resource (a guarantee of repayment).[6] Deductions are not normally accessible when a cost serves to make another or diverse asset.[6] 
3. The sum paid to fulfill the advance commitment is not deductible (from own horrible wage) by the borrower.[6] 
4. Reimbursement of the credit is not horrible wage to the lender.[6] as a result, the guarantee of reimbursement is changed over once again to money, with no promotion to riches by the lender.[6] 
5. Premium paid to the moneylender is incorporated in the bank's horrible income.[9] Interest paid speaks to remuneration for the utilization of the loan specialist's cash or property and in this way speaks to benefit or a promotion to riches to the lender.[10] Interest salary can be ascribed to banks regardless of the possibility that the moneylender doesn't charge a base measure of interest.[11] 
6. Interest paid to the bank may be deductible by the borrower.[6] when all is said in done, premium paid regarding the borrower's business movement is deductible, while premium paid on individual credits are not deductible.[6] The significant exemption here is premium paid on a home mortgage.[6] 
Wage from release of obligation 
In spite of the fact that a credit does not begin as pay to the borrower, it gets to be wage to the borrower if the borrower is released of obligation. [6][12] Thus, if an obligation is released, then the borrower basically has gotten salary equivalent to the measure of the obligation. The Internal Revenue Code records "Pay from Discharge of Indebtedness" in Section 61(a)(12) as a wellspring of horrible pay. Illustration: X owes Y $50,000. In the event that Y releases the obligation, then X no more owes Y $50,000. For purposes of ascertaining wage, this is dealt with the same route as though Y gave X $50,000. For a more definite portrayal of the "release of obligation", take a gander at Section 108 (Cancelation of Debt (COD) Income) of the Internal Revenue Code.